Osmanl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k, h\u00fcrriyet ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce hareketlerini, siyasi bir organ olarak temsil etmeye ba\u015flayan \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti<\/strong> olmu\u015ftur. Cemiyetin kurulu\u015f tarihi net olarak bilinmemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\t\t

\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>Cevri ad\u0131nda birinin “\u0130nkilap” adl\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r’da 1909’da bas\u0131lan bir risalede \u015funlar yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. “… bu be\u015f arkada\u015f 1887 senesi May\u0131s\u0131n yirmi birinci g\u00fcn\u00fc, T\u0131p okulunun hamam\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki odun y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde toplanarak ileride \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti ad\u0131n\u0131 alan “\u0130ttihad-\u0131 Osmani” Cemiyetin temelini att\u0131lar.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n
<\/span>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti Neden Kuruldu?<\/span><\/h2>\n
Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda hayata ve kurumlara giren, Frans\u0131z \u0130htilali<\/strong> <\/a>ile b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011fa da a\u015f\u0131lanmak istenen h\u00fcrriyet, e\u015fitlik, adalet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin etkisi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ni de etkilemi\u015ftir. Devletin da\u011f\u0131lmaya do\u011fru gitti\u011fini g\u00f6ren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrler bu fikirleri topluma da benimsetmek, Avrupa’da oldu\u011fu gibi \u00f6rg\u00fctlemek istemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
Medeni d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her alanda ilerleyerek h\u00fcrriyet ve refaha do\u011fru gitti\u011fini g\u00f6ren gen\u00e7ler, me\u015fruti idareyi kurmak ve onun koruyucusu olmak i\u00e7in “\u0130ttihad-\u0131 Osmani”<\/strong> ad\u0131ndaki cemiyeti kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Daha sonralar\u0131 \u0130ttihat ve Terakki<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 alacak olan bu olu\u015fum halka do\u011fru yol g\u00f6stermesine ra\u011fmen ilk kuruldu\u011fu d\u00f6nem ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 camias\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lan milletler yabanc\u0131 devletlerin de sayesinde ordular\u0131n\u0131 modernle\u015ftirdikleri halde T\u00fcrk milleti ezilip geri gidiyordu. Duyun-\u0131 Umumiye<\/strong><\/a> ve Kapit\u00fclasyonlar<\/strong> <\/a>gibi iktisadi ve mali zincirlerle ezilen T\u00fcrk milleti, geli\u015fmekten mahrum kal\u0131yor ve Avrupa’n\u0131n ilerleme h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 yakalayam\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte bu da\u011f\u0131lma tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 vatanseverlerin y\u0131llardan i\u00e7ine i\u015flemi\u015f olan h\u00fcrriyet duygular\u0131 bir ideal halinde yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda milleti de birbirine ba\u011flayarak da\u011f\u0131lma\u00a0 tehlikesinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00fclkenin ger\u00e7ek sahibinin millet oldu\u011funu ispat etmek amac\u0131yla kurulan cemiyet \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’dir.<\/strong><\/p>\n
<\/span>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Amac\u0131 Nedir?<\/span><\/h2>\n
\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin<\/strong> amac\u0131 ile ilgili baz\u0131 maddeler ilk olarak 1895 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1902’de de M\u0131s\u0131r’da yay\u0131nlanmaya ba\u015flayan \u015euray\u0131 \u00dcmmet gazetesi taraf\u0131ndan cemiyetin program\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde belirtilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n
\n
Osmanl\u0131 devletinin siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yabanc\u0131 m\u00fcdahalesine kar\u015f\u0131 korumak.<\/li>\n
\u0130stibdad\u0131 y\u0131kmak, me\u015frutiyeti ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek ve 1876 Kanuni Esasi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini uygulamak.<\/li>\n
Kurtulu\u015f ve mutluluk Osmanl\u0131l\u0131kta oldu\u011fundan b\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n birli\u011fini sa\u011flamak.<\/li>\n
H\u00fck\u00fcmette yer alanlar\u0131 d\u00f6nemin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 ve ilerleyi\u015fi hakk\u0131nda bilgilendirmek ve g\u00f6reve davet etmek.<\/li>\n
Islahat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini, Osmanl\u0131 ki\u015fi ve topluluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yaymak.<\/li>\n
Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerle ayn\u0131 noktaya gelebilme becerisinden yoksun olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yabanc\u0131 devletler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ispat etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak.<\/li>\n
Osmanl\u0131 hanedan\u0131 ve hilafet makam\u0131n\u0131, devlete faydal\u0131 olabilecek \u015fekilde g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/a><\/p>\n
<\/span>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’ni Kim Kurdu?<\/span><\/h2>\n
Cemiyet, gizli \u015fekilde meydana getirilmi\u015f ve zaman i\u00e7inde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Cemiyetin ilk kurucular\u0131 \u015fu ki\u015filerdir:<\/p>\n
\n
Ohrili \u0130brahim Ethem Temo<\/li>\n
Arapkirli Abdullah Cevdet<\/li>\n
Kafkasyal\u0131 Mehmet Re\u015fit<\/li>\n
H\u00fcseyinzade Ali<\/li>\n
Diyarbak\u0131rl\u0131 \u0130shak S\u00fckuti<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Cemiyetin ilk ad\u0131 “Cemiyet-i Osmaniye \u0130ttihat ve Terakki”<\/strong> olarak belirlenmi\u015fken k\u0131sa zaman sonra “Osmanl\u0131 \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Cemiyete ilk kat\u0131lanlar aras\u0131nda Asaf Dervi\u015f, S\u00fcleyman Emin, \u0130smail Safa Bey, Naci Pa\u015fa gibi kimseler olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Gen\u00e7 \u00f6\u011frencileri bir araya getiren, devletin ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bunal\u0131m ve II. Abd\u00fclhamid y\u00f6netimine duyulan ho\u015fnutsuzluktu. Kurtulu\u015f i\u00e7in acil olarak Me\u015frutiyet y\u00f6netiminin kurulmas\u0131, Abd\u00fclhamid y\u00f6netiminin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenen gen\u00e7ler, bu konuda propaganda yapmak \u00fczere \u00f6rg\u00fctlendiler.<\/p>\n
<\/span>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti \u00d6zellikleri ?<\/span><\/h2>\n
Cemiyet gizli \u015fekilde kurulmu\u015f ve zamanla geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130ttihad-\u0131 Osmani, Askeri T\u0131p Okulundaki kurulu\u015fundan sonra bu ve benzeri okullarda yay\u0131lmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. Abd\u00fclhamit d\u00f6neminde b\u00f6yle bir muhalefet \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ancak gizli olabilirdi.<\/p>\n
Nitekim dernek, \u0130talyan Carborani \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcnden ilham alarak, h\u00fccreler halinde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rg\u00fct uzun zaman kendi i\u00e7inde toplant\u0131lar yapmakla yetinmi\u015f, propagandaya ge\u00e7me konusunda \u00e7ok aceleci olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca Makedonya’da T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmakta olan Balkan cemiyetlerinin de \u00f6rg\u00fctlerini incelemi\u015flerdir.B\u00fct\u00fcn kaynaklardan edindikleri bilgi ve deneyimlerle cemiyetin gizlilik, disiplin ve \u00fclk\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fck temeli \u00fczerine kuruldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Cemiyetin \u00fcyeleri ve \u015fubeleri birer numara ile g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Derne\u011fe giri\u015f i\u00e7in kabul edilmi\u015f olan yemin metninde komite kurallar\u0131na uyulmas\u0131, \u00fcye olmayanlara cemiyet ile ilgili konular\u0131n bildirilmemesi gibi tedbirler al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti<\/strong> ilk \u00f6nce \u0130stanbul’da h\u0131zl\u0131ca b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ba\u015fta Askeri T\u0131p Okulu olmak \u00fczere b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00fcksek okullarda gen\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda \u00fcye kabul etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130zmir ve \u015eam’da cemiyetin fikirlerini yaymak i\u00e7in propagandaya ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131lan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin<\/strong> varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f ve saray taraf\u0131ndan soru\u015fturma ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Doktor Abdullah Cevdet ve T\u0131p \u00f6\u011frencilerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 Trablusgarp, \u015eam ve Manast\u0131r’a g\u00f6nderildiler.<\/p>\n
Cemiyetin \u00f6nde gelen ki\u015fileri ile cemiyet i\u00e7inde olmayan fakat liberal fikirlere sahip olan Mizan gazetesi sahibi Murat Bey \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ka\u00e7t\u0131lar. Bu \u015fekilde \u0130ttihat ve Terakki’nin \u0130stanbul te\u015fkilat\u0131, ge\u00e7ici bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in tasfiye oldu ve cemiyet te\u015fkilatlanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n
<\/span>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin Yurt D\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n
\u00dclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7en \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak d\u00f6rt merkezden y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu merkezler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\n
B\u00fckre\u015f<\/li>\n
Paris<\/li>\n
Cenevre<\/li>\n
Kahire<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
B\u00fckre\u015f’teki<\/strong> faaliyetleri cemiyetin kurucular\u0131ndan \u0130brahim Temo<\/strong> y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130brahim Temo’nun\u00a0 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Balkan \u00fclkelerindeki T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda \u015fubeler a\u00e7mak \u015feklinde geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Paris’te<\/strong> cemiyetin sorumlulu\u011funu Ahmet R\u0131za \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir. Ahmet R\u0131za,<\/strong> daha \u00f6nce \u0130ttihat ve Terakki’nin Avrupa temsilcisi olarak se\u00e7ilmi\u015f, 1895’ten Me\u015fveret gazetesini<\/strong> \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle de \u0130stanbul’da, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti<\/strong> y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131nca, cemiyetin fiili ba\u015fkan\u0131 durumunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Cenevre<\/strong> ve Kahire<\/strong> merkezlerinde kuvvetli bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme sa\u011flanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tunal\u0131 Hilmi, \u0130shak S\u00fckuti ve Mizanc\u0131 Murat Beyler ve di\u011ferleri \u0130ttihat ve Terakki ad\u0131na yay\u0131m yapmakla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
<\/span>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki’de \u00dcyeler Aras\u0131nda Ya\u015fanan Problemler<\/span><\/h2>\n
\u00dcyelerin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131\u00a0 yeteri kadar sistemli ve uyumlu olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Olumlu bir sonuca ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen nedenle \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\n
\u00dcyeler aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan felsefi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131.<\/li>\n
Cemiyetin hedefi ile bunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek \u00fczere izlenecek yol hakk\u0131nda fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fanmas\u0131.<\/li>\n
II. Abd\u00fclhamit’in cemiyeti tasfiye etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bulunmas\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Felsefi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6zellikle din konusu \u00fczerinde ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ahmet R\u0131za’n\u0131n pozitivist olu\u015fu \u00fcyeler aras\u0131nda dinsiz olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu durum te\u015fkilat\u0131n kuvvetlenmesine engel yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti<\/strong> \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k nedenlerinden ikincisi istibdat idaresini y\u0131kmak i\u00e7in izlenecek yol konusunda anla\u015famamalar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u00dcyelerden Ahmet R\u0131za Bey ve baz\u0131 arkada\u015flar\u0131 “D\u00fczen ve \u0130lerleme” kural\u0131na taraftard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer \u00fcyeler ise bask\u0131 ve \u015fiddet yolu ile II. Abd\u00fclhamit d\u00f6nemine son vermek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi i\u00e7inde bulunuyorlard\u0131. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce i\u00e7inde olanlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda bile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f farkl\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’ndeki<\/strong> anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar II. Abd\u00fclhamit’in, cemiyet \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in giri\u015fimlerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan birisi, cemiyet \u00fcyelerinin bulunduklar\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki\u00a0 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerine bask\u0131 yapmak olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
<\/a>
Ahmet R\u0131za Bey’in yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Me\u015fveret Gazetesi”<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
<\/span>Me\u015fveret Gazetesi’ne Yap\u0131lan Bask\u0131lar<\/span><\/h3>\n
1896’da Fransa h\u00fck\u00fcmeti nezdindeki giri\u015fimleri ile, Ahmet R\u0131za’n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Me\u015fveret gazetesini kapatt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat Frans\u0131z gazetelerinin, bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ad\u0131na buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 sonucunda, sadece Me\u015fveret’in<\/strong> T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ahmet R\u0131za Bey, bunun \u00fczerine Me\u015fveret gazetesinin<\/strong> T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Cenevre’de yay\u0131nlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, orada da s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 ya\u015famas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Br\u00fcksel’e nakletmi\u015ftir. Me\u015fveret’in<\/strong> ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar Avrupa’da kamuoyunun II. Abd\u00fclhamit aleyhine d\u00f6nmesine neden olmu\u015f ve \u0130ttihat<\/strong> ve Terakki Cemiyeti<\/strong> devrimci bir yola y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
1897’de, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki ile anla\u015fmaya var\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in II. Abd\u00fclhamit, Avrupa’ya Celaleddin Pa\u015fa’y\u0131 g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Pa\u015fa, \u00fcyelerle temas kurarak \u015fu tekliflerde bulunmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n
\n
\u0130ttihat ve Terakki’nin yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 sonland\u0131rmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Abd\u00fclhamit’in genel af ilan edecek.<\/li>\n
Avrupa’dan ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnden \u00fclkeye d\u00f6necek olanlara yeteneklerine g\u00f6re g\u00f6revler verilecek.<\/li>\n
H\u00fck\u00fcmet yava\u015f yava\u015f \u0131slahatlara ba\u015flayacak.<\/li>\n
Paris’te bulunan \u00f6\u011frencilere e\u011fitimlerine devam etmeleri i\u00e7in maa\u015f ba\u011flanacak.<\/li>\n
Avrupa’da kalmak isteyen ayd\u0131nlar da el\u00e7iliklerde g\u00f6revlere atanacak.<\/li>\n
Yap\u0131lan bu teklifler kabul edilmedi\u011fi takdirde ise, Padi\u015fah ve h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam edenler, Osmanl\u0131 vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lacak.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/span>Mizanc\u0131 Murat Bey’in \u0130stanbul’a D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/span><\/h3>\n
1896 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Temmuz ay\u0131nda tekrar Paris’e giden Mehmet Murat Bey, Kas\u0131m 1896’da yap\u0131lan kongrede Ahmet R\u0131za kar\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fiyle \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin<\/strong> ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. Bu d\u00f6nem cemiyetin ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunan Murat Bey, teklifleri kabul ederek \u0130stanbul’a d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bunun ard\u0131ndan \u00fcyelerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu da kendilerine verilen s\u00f6zler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye’ye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015fler veya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Murat Bey’in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fma \u0130ttihat ve Terakki’yi ba\u011flamamakla birlikte cemiyette b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmeye neden oldu.<\/p>\n
Hikmet, Rahmi, S\u00fcleyman Nazif, Binba\u015f\u0131 Ahmet, Dr. Hasan, Ha\u015fim Beyler \u0130stanbul’a d\u00f6nenler aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Di\u011ferleri \u00f6\u011frenimlerine devam etme karar\u0131 ald\u0131lar. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir kesim ise \u0130shak S\u00fckuti, Dr. Abdullah Cevdet, Tunal\u0131 Hilmi, \u00c7\u00fcr\u00fcksulu Ahmet gibi etkili ki\u015filer el\u00e7iliklerde g\u00f6revler ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
II. Abd\u00fclhamit’e g\u00fcvenmeyenlerden de Ahmet R\u0131za, Doktor Naz\u0131m ve Hoca Kadri Paris’te kal\u0131p \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na devam etmi\u015flerdir. Abd\u00fclhamit bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile \u0130ttihat ve Terakki’yi b\u00f6lmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Fakat \u0130ttihat ve Terakki’nin kurulu\u015funa neden olan sebepler ortadan kalkmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in cemiyetin yeniden kuvvetlenmesi engellenememi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc \u015eahsi ve Ademi Merkeziyet<\/strong> ad\u0131nda yeni bir cemiyetin kurulmas\u0131na da neden olunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
<\/span>Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc \u015eahsi ve Ademi Merkeziyet Cemiyeti<\/span><\/h4>\n
II. Abd\u00fclhamit’e kar\u015f\u0131, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki<\/strong> gibi m\u00fccadele verecek olan bu cemiyet, Damat Mahmut Pa\u015fa ile o\u011fullar\u0131 Prens Sabahattin ve L\u00fctfullah Bey’in Avrupa’ya ka\u00e7mas\u0131 ile alakal\u0131d\u0131r. Mahmut Pa\u015fa, II. Abd\u00fclhamit’in k\u0131zkarde\u015fi Seniha Sultan ile evlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Bu evlilikten dolay\u0131 Mahmut Pa\u015fa, padi\u015fah\u0131n \u00f6zel dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130kinci \u00c7\u0131ra\u011fan olay\u0131nda e\u015finin ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmas\u0131, g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015fmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Almanlar\u0131n Ba\u011fdat demiryolu tasar\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 rakip \u00e7\u0131kan \u0130ngiliz sermayesinden yana a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koymak istemi\u015ftir. Almanlar\u0131n \u00f6n imtiyaz\u0131 almalar\u0131 sonucu duydu\u011fu \u00f6fkeyle, Mahmut Pa\u015fa J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk olmaya karar vererek, iki o\u011flunu da yan\u0131na alarak Fransa’ya ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
II. Abd\u00fclhamit, Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n geri d\u00f6nmesi i\u00e7in yo\u011fun bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Mahmut Pa\u015fa, Abd\u00fclhamit’in kendisine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fma tekliflerini kabul etmek i\u00e7in birtak\u0131m \u015fartlar \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu \u015fartlar aras\u0131nda Meclisin de toplanmas\u0131n\u0131 teklif etmi\u015ftir. Bundan dolay\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc anla\u015fma imkans\u0131z hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Mahmut Pa\u015fa ve o\u011fullar\u0131 \u0130ttihat ve Terakki<\/strong> ile anla\u015famam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sahip olduklar\u0131 \u00fcnvanlar\u0131n verdi\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7 ile Gen\u00e7 T\u00fcrklerin lideri olmak istemi\u015flerdi. Oysa, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti<\/strong>, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm zorluklara ra\u011fmen bir te\u015fkilata sahipti. \u0130stanbul ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnden d\u00f6nenlerle beraber yeniden m\u00fccadeleye ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcm bu nedenlerden dolay\u0131, 1889’dan sonra \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki J\u00f6n T\u00fcrklerin, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Ahmet R\u0131za yan\u0131nda di\u011fer bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da Prens Sabahattin yan\u0131nda toplanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131 “Umum Osmanl\u0131 Vatanda\u015flar\u0131m\u0131za” diye ba\u015flayan ve J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk kongresi<\/strong> \u00f6neren iki bildirge yay\u0131nlad\u0131.<\/p>\n
<\/a>
1902 tarihinde Paris’te yap\u0131lan J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk Kongresi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
<\/span>Birinci J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk Kongresi<\/span><\/h2>\n
Sabahattin ve L\u00fctfullah Beylerin \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine, Paris’te 4 \u015eubat 1902′ kongre topland\u0131 ve 9 \u015eubat’a kadar devam etti. Kongreye kat\u0131lan delege say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 47 ile 70 aras\u0131nda oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren kaynaklar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Toplant\u0131ya \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan ve isimleri me\u015frutiyet hareketlerine kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan ba\u015fl\u0131ca ki\u015filer \u015funlard\u0131:<\/p>\n
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Prens Sabahattin<\/li>\n
Ahmet R\u0131za<\/li>\n
\u0130smail Kemal<\/li>\n
\u0130smail Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa<\/li>\n
Hoca Kadri<\/li>\n
Halil Ganem<\/li>\n
Mahir Sait<\/li>\n
Yusuf Ak\u00e7ura<\/li>\n
Ferit Bey<\/li>\n
Ali Haydar<\/li>\n
H\u00fcseyin Siret<\/li>\n
\u0130brahim Temo<\/li>\n
Doktor Naz\u0131m<\/li>\n
Doktor Refik Nevzat<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Kongreye Ermeniler ve Rumlar ad\u0131na da baz\u0131 kimseler kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kongre \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 iki problem \u00fczerine ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar s\u0131ras\u0131nda iki farkl\u0131 tez ortaya konulmu\u015ftu. Birincisine g\u00f6re sadece propaganda ve yay\u0131nla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yap\u0131lamazd\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in askeri kuvvetlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara kat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekliydi.<\/p>\n
\u0130kinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, ihtilali ba\u015farmak i\u00e7in yabanc\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin m\u00fcdahalesini sa\u011flayarak \u0131slahatlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmekti. Rum ve Ermeni delegeler, Prens Sabahattin, \u0130smail Kemal ve bunlara kat\u0131lanlar bu ikinci teklifi kabul etti.<\/p>\n
Ahmet R\u0131za, Doktor Naz\u0131m, Hoca Kadri ise yabanc\u0131 m\u00fcdahalesinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yer ald\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece ortaya ikilik meydana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f oldu. Az\u0131nl\u0131kta kalm\u0131\u015f olan \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti<\/strong> \u00fcyeleri, Ahmet R\u0131za yan\u0131nda birle\u015ferek cemiyetin ad\u0131n\u0131 “Terakki ve \u0130ttihat olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n
\u0130ttihat ve Terakki \u00fcyeleri Paris’te Me\u015fveret’i \u00e7\u0131karmaya devam ederken, M\u0131s\u0131r’da \u015euray\u0131 \u00dcmmet gazetesini kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Prens Sabahattin ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 da Terakki gazetesini \u00e7\u0131karmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
<\/span>\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyetinin D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n
Cemiyetin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, gazete ve kitap yay\u0131nlamak \u015fekliyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 etki a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u015fl\u0131ca gazeteler, Me\u015fveret gazetesi ile \u015euray\u0131 \u00dcmmet gazetesidir.<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer yay\u0131nlar da, \u00e7e\u015fitli dillerde, baz\u0131lar\u0131 yazarlar\u0131n isimleri a\u00e7\u0131klanarak baz\u0131lar\u0131nda yazar ad\u0131 belirtilmeden yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ve ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelere g\u00f6re \u015fu b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n
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Islahat konular\u0131 \u00fczerine, padi\u015faha veya sadrazama verilenler.<\/li>\n
Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n, h\u00fcrriyet ve me\u015frutiyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini yans\u0131tanlar.<\/li>\n
Halifelik ve din konular\u0131 \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lanlar.<\/li>\n
B\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131 birlik olmaya davet edenler.<\/li>\n
Anadolu’daki T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olanlar.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
T\u00fcm bu yay\u0131nlar, \u00fclkeye gizlice sokulmu\u015f, halk\u0131n anlayabilmesi i\u00e7in sade bir dil kullan\u0131lmaya dikkat edilmi\u015ftir. Yay\u0131nlarda II. Abd\u00fclhamit’in istibdat idaresinin zararlar\u0131, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n istibdat\u0131 y\u0131kmak i\u00e7in birle\u015fmeleri gerekti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
<\/span>Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fcrriyet Cemiyeti \u0130le \u0130ttihat ve Terakkinin Birle\u015fmesi<\/span><\/h2>\n
1906 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda Selanik’te on arkada\u015f Mithat \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc’n\u00fcn (Bleda) evinde yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131 sonucunda Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fcrriyet Cemiyetini<\/strong> kurdular. Cemiyetin kurucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u015fu ki\u015filer vard\u0131:<\/p>\n
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Bursal\u0131 Tahir<\/li>\n
Naki Y\u00fccek\u00f6k<\/li>\n
Talat Bey<\/li>\n
Mithat \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc (Bleda)<\/li>\n
Rahmi Bey<\/li>\n
\u00d6mer Naci<\/li>\n
Kaz\u0131m Nami Duru<\/li>\n
\u0130smail Canpolat<\/li>\n
Hakk\u0131 Baha<\/li>\n
Edip Servet T\u00f6r<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fcrriyet Cemiyeti<\/strong>, Rumeli’deki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klardan da yararlanarak gizlilik i\u00e7inde ve h\u00fccre bi\u00e7iminde \u00f6rg\u00fctlenerek b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Cemiyetten bir \u00fcye, \u00fcye yap\u0131labilecek bir ki\u015fiye rastlarsa, onu dikkatli inceledikten sonra cemiyete al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 teklif ediyordu.<\/p>\n
Cemiyet 2. ve 3. ordular aras\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131ca yay\u0131ld\u0131. Manast\u0131r, Bursal\u0131 Tahir, Binba\u015f\u0131 S\u00fcleyman Askeri, Te\u011fmen At\u0131f ki\u015filerin liderli\u011finde \u00f6nemli bir merkez haline geldi. Bu faaliyetleri \u0130stanbul haber alm\u0131\u015f Mart 1907’de Talat, \u00d6mer Naci ve H\u00fcsrev Sami Beyin tutuklanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gizli emir g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti. Bunun \u00fczerine bu ki\u015filer yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n
Yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce, kendilerine Ahmet R\u0131za ya da Sabahattin Bey gruplar\u0131ndan biriyle birle\u015fme \u00fczere bunlar\u0131 inceleme g\u00f6revi verildi. Bu ki\u015filer \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin<\/strong> program\u0131n\u0131 kendilerine daha uygun bularak, \u015euray\u0131 \u00dcmmet’te<\/strong> yaz\u0131lar yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
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Uzun tart\u0131s\u0327malardan sonra Terakki ve I\u0307ttihat<\/strong> ile Osmanl\u0131 Hu\u0308rriyet Cemiyetinin<\/strong> birles\u0327tirilmesi konusunda anlas\u0327maya var\u0131ld\u0131. Bu arada birles\u0327en o\u0308rgu\u0308tlerin Terakki ve I\u0307ttihat<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 benimsemeleri de bu ad\u0131n geleneg\u0306i dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kabul edildi.<\/span><\/p>\n
Bu birle\u015fme ile \u0130ttihat ve Terakki<\/strong> siyasi niteli\u011finin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra askeri bir nitelik de kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/span>\u0130kinci J\u00f6n T\u00fcrk Kongresi<\/span><\/h2>\n\n
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Kongre I\u0307c\u0327in Paris’te Sabahattin Bey’in is\u0327yerinde bir haz\u0131rl\u0131k komitesi topland\u0131. 27 Aral\u0131k 1807 gu\u0308nu\u0308 Kongre A. R\u0131za, Sabahattin ve Malumyan’\u0131n ortak bas\u0327kanl\u0131g\u0306\u0131 alt\u0131nda ac\u0327\u0131ld\u0131. <\/span>29 Aral\u0131k 1907’de c\u0327al\u0131s\u0327malar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlayan Kongre, uzun bir bildirge a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bildirgeye imza atan \u00f6rg\u00fctler:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n
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Osmanl\u0131 Terakki ve I\u0307ttihat Cemiyeti<\/li>\n
Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc \u015eahsi ve Ademi Merkeziyet<\/li>\n
Ahd-\u0131 Osmani Cemiyeti<\/li>\n
Londra’da Arap\u00e7a ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u00e7\u0131kan Hilafet’in yaz\u0131 kurulu<\/li>\n
Ta\u015fnaksutyon<\/li>\n
M\u0131s\u0131r Cemiyeti \u0130sraliyesi<\/li>\n
Ermeni yay\u0131nlar\u0131 y\u00f6neticileri<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\u00d6zellikte Bulgar Arnavut ve Rum \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinden Kongreye bir kat\u0131l\u0131m olmamas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir oysa \u00f6rne\u011fin Rumlar \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/strong><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n
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Kongre bildirgesinde, Osmanl\u0131 Devletini olus\u0327turan milletlerin birlik olmay\u0131 bas\u0327ard\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve c\u0327abalar\u0131n\u0131 birles\u0327tirerek amaca ulas\u0327\u0131ncaya kadar ihtilal yolunda \u0131srar edeceklerini duyuruyordu. Amac\u0327, Abdu\u0308lhamit’i tahttan indirmeye zorlamak ve parlamenter du\u0308zenin kurulmas\u0131yd\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
<\/a>
Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa ve M\u00fcfit \u00d6zde\u015f ile 1906 tarihinde Beyrut’ta<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
<\/span>Atat\u00fcrk \u0130le \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/span><\/h2>\n
Mustafa Kemal (Atat\u00fcrk) bu partinin kurucusu de\u011fildir. Kurucu liderlerden \u00e7ok daha sonra cemiyete kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren \u0130ttihat ve Terakki’nin<\/strong> i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmi\u015f ve reddetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Dikkatini \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 liderlerin bu uyar\u0131lara ald\u0131r\u0131\u015f etmemesi \u00fczerine de bunlara kar\u015f\u0131, Ali Fethi (Okyar) ile muhalefet kanad\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki<\/strong> kadrosunun yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra Milli M\u00fccadele liderli\u011fini ele ge\u00e7irme giri\u015fimlerine kar\u015f\u0131 da m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Mustafa Kemal ve M\u00fcfit \u00d6zde\u015f 1905 tarihinde, “Vatan”<\/strong> adl\u0131 gizli ihtilal komitesine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta cemiyetin y\u00f6netimini L\u00fctfi Bey, mali konular\u0131 Dr. Mustafa, e\u011fitim ve te\u015fkilatlanma konular\u0131na da Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
K\u0131sa zamanda “Vatan ve H\u00fcrriyet Cemiyeti”ne<\/strong> d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gizli \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fubeleri a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1906’da Selanik’e giden Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, Vatan ve H\u00fcrriyet Cemiyeti’nin<\/strong> Selanik \u015fubesini kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Kendisine yeminle s\u00f6z veren arkada\u015flar\u0131 cemiyetin Selanik \u015fubesini kuran arkada\u015flar\u0131, daha sonra \u0130ttihat ve Terakki’ye<\/strong> kat\u0131larak ilk \u00fcyeleri olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Daha sonra \u0130ttihat ve Terakki’ye<\/strong>, 29 Ekim 1907’de, 322 \u00fcye numaras\u0131 ile giri\u015fi, arkada\u015f\u0131 Ali Fethi’nin daveti \u00fczerine olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 Vatan ve H\u00fcrriyet Cemiyeti’nde tasarlad\u0131klar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok konunun, \u0130ttihat ve Terakki’de<\/strong> ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyece\u011fini anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
<\/span>Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa \u0130le \u0130ttihat Terakki Cemiyeti Aras\u0131nda Ya\u015fanan Fikir Ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n
En ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin<\/strong> y\u00f6netici kadrosu ile anla\u015famayan Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, cemiyet i\u00e7inde merkez \u00e7evreden uzak kalmaya dikkat etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Ordu siyasete kar\u0131\u015fmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Ordu k\u0131\u015flas\u0131na d\u00f6nmelidir ve politikac\u0131 da siyaset meydan\u0131nda kalmal\u0131d\u0131r sav\u0131n\u0131 her alanda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a savunmas\u0131, kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 olumsuz hava do\u011fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\u0130ttihat ve Terakki i\u00e7inde Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa ile Enver Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n anla\u015famad\u0131klar\u0131 en \u00f6nemli konu, askerlerin politikadan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 meselesi olmu\u015ftur. O d\u00f6nem kongreleri gizli yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Toplant\u0131 yerleri s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fmekte ve her toplant\u0131ya s\u0131ra ile delegelerden birisi ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etmektedir.<\/p>\n
Bu toplant\u0131lardan birisine ba\u015fkanl\u0131k eden Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, ordu ile \u0130ttihat ve Terakki aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerini ele alarak \u015funlar\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n
Ordu \u00fcyeleri cemiyet i\u00e7inde bulunduk\u00e7a millete dayanan bir parti kuramay\u0131z. Orduyu da zaafa u\u011frat\u0131r\u0131z. Bug\u00fcn \u00fcyelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’nin \u00fcyesi olan 3. Ordu esas itibariyle modern bir ordu say\u0131lmaz. Ordu ile cemiyeti ay\u0131ral\u0131m. Cemiyet, tam anlam\u0131yla siyasi bir parti halinde milletin b\u00fcnyesine k\u00f6k sals\u0131n. Ordu da asli g\u00f6revi ile u\u011fra\u015fs\u0131n. Bunun i\u00e7in Cemiyet’\u0130n muhta\u00e7 oldu\u011fu subaylar\u0131, istifa suretiyle Ordu’dan \u00e7\u0131karal\u0131m. Daha sonra askerlerin herhangi bir partiye, siyasi bir te\u015fekk\u00fcle girmelerini \u00f6neleyecek kanuni yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar koyal\u0131m. Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa (Atat\u00fcrk)<\/cite><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>YARARLANDI\u011eIM KAYNAKLAR:<\/strong><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\n\n
\u0130ttihat ve Terakki – Vikipedi<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n
\u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyet ve Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 (1908-1918) – Enver Ziya KARAL<\/strong><\/li>\n
Birinci Me\u015frutiyet ve \u0130stibdat Devirleri 1876-1907 – Enver Ziya KARAL<\/strong><\/li>\n
J\u00f6n T\u00fcrkler ve \u0130ttihat Terakki – Sina AK\u015e\u0130N<\/strong><\/li>\n
Atat\u00fcrk – \u0130ttihat ve Terakki – Dr. Fethi TEVETO\u011eLU<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nda \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyet’in ilan edilmesinde \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan, 21 May\u0131s 1889’da kurulmu\u015f olan siyasi harekettir. \u00d6ncelikle \u00fclkenin anayasal d\u00fczene tekrar kavu\u015fmas\u0131 ve Meclisin tekrar a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen gizli bir cemiyet olarak kurulmu\u015ftur. Me\u015frutiyetin ilan\u0131ndan sonra iktidar\u0131 denetleyen bir kurum haline gelen \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti, 1913 tarihinden sonra y\u00f6netime egemen olmu\u015ftur. \u0130ttihat …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9284,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/derliyo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7207"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/derliyo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/derliyo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/derliyo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/derliyo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7207"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/derliyo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7207\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9290,"href":"https:\/\/derliyo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7207\/revisions\/9290"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/derliyo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9284"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/derliyo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7207"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/derliyo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7207"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/derliyo.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7207"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}